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Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun 23 March — 16 June was a German-born American aerospace engineer [3] and space architect. He was the leading figure in the development of rocket technology in Nazi Germany and a pioneer of rocket and space technology in the United States. While in his twenties and early thirties, von Braun worked in Nazi Germany's rocket development program.
He helped design and co-developed the V-2 rocket at Peenemünde during World War II. Following the war he was secretly moved to the United States, along with about 1, other German scientists, engineers, and technicians, as part of Single party landshut 2014 Paperclip.
Inhis group was assimilated into NASAwhere he served as director of the newly formed Marshall Space Flight Center and as the chief architect of the Saturn V super heavy-lift launch vehicle that propelled the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon. He advocated for a human mission to Mars.
Wernher von Braun was born on 23 Marchin the small town of Wirsitz in the Posen Provincethen the German Empire. He was the second of three sons of a noble Lutheran family. From single party landshut 2014 he held the title of Freiherr equivalent to Baron. The German nobility 's legal privileges were abolished inalthough noble titles could still be used as part of the family name.
His father, Magnus Freiherr von Braun —was a civil servant and conservative politician; he served as Minister of Agriculture in the federal government during the Weimar Republic. His mother, Emmy von Quistorp —traced her ancestry through both parents to medieval European royalty and was a descendant of Philip III of FranceValdemar I of DenmarkRobert III of Scotlandsingle party landshut 2014, and Edward III of England.
The family moved to Berlin inwhere his father worked at the Ministry of the Interior. After Wernher's Confirmationhis mother gave him a telescopeand he developed a passion for astronomy. He was taken into custody by the local police until his father came to get him.
Wernher learned to single party landshut 2014 both the cello and the piano at an early age and at one time wanted to become a composer. He took lessons from the composer Paul Hindemith. The few pieces of Wernher's youthful compositions that exist are reminiscent of Hindemith's style. Beginning inWernher attended a boarding school at Ettersburg Castle near Weimarwhere he did not do well in physics and mathematics. There he acquired a copy of Die Rakete zu den PlanetenräumenBy Rocket into Planetary Space [14] by rocket pioneer Hermann Oberth.
Inhis parents moved him to the Hermann-Lietz-Internat also a residential school on the East Frisian North Sea island of Spiekeroog. Space travel had always fascinated Wernher, and from then on he applied himself to physics and mathematics to pursue his interest in rocket engineering. Invon Braun attended the Technische Hochschule Berlinwhere he joined the Spaceflight Society Single party landshut 2014 für Raumschiffahrt or "VfR" and assisted Willy Ley in his liquid-fueled single party landshut 2014 motor tests in conjunction with Hermann Oberth.
Wanting to learn more about physicschemistryand astronomyvon Braun entered the Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin for doctoral studies and graduated with a doctorate in physics in Invon Braun attended a presentation given by Auguste Piccard. After the talk, the young student approached the famous pioneer single party landshut 2014 high-altitude balloon flight, and stated to him: "You know, I plan on traveling to the Moon at some time.
Hermann Oberth was the single party landshut 2014 who, when thinking about the possibility of spaceships, grabbed a slide-rule and presented mathematically analyzed concepts and designs I, myself, owe to him not only the guiding-star of my life, but also my first contact with the theoretical and practical aspects of rocketry and space travel. A place of honor should be reserved in the history of science and technology for his ground-breaking contributions in the field of astronautics.
According to historian Norman Daviesvon Braun was able to pursue a career as a rocket scientist in Germany due to a "curious oversight" in the Treaty of Versailles which did not include rocketry in its list of weapons forbidden to Germany.
Von Braun had an ambivalent and complex relationship with the Nazi Third Reich. Michael J. Neufeldan author of aerospace history and chief of the Space History Division at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museumwrote that ten years after von Braun obtained his Nazi Party membership, he signed an affidavit for the U.
Army, though he stated the incorrect year: [20] : InI was officially demanded to join the National Socialist Party. At this time I was already Technical Director at the Army Rocket Center at Peenemünde Baltic Sea. The technical work carried out there had, in the meantime, attracted more and more attention in higher levels. Thus, my refusal to join the party would have meant that I would have to abandon the work of my life.
Therefore, I decided to join. My membership in the party did not involve any political activity. It has not been ascertained whether von Braun's error with regard to single party landshut 2014 year was deliberate or a simple mistake.
Von Braun, like other Peenemünders, was assigned to the local group in Karlshagen; there is no evidence that he did more than send in his monthly dues. But he is seen in some photographs with the party's swastika pin in his lapel — it was politically useful to demonstrate his membership. Von Braun's later attitude toward the National Socialist regime of the late s and early s was complex. He said that he had been so influenced by the early Nazi promise of release from the post—World War I economic effectssingle party landshut 2014, that his patriotic feelings had increased.
Von Braun joined the SS horseback riding school on 1 November as an SS- Anwärter, single party landshut 2014. He left the following year. War Department this explanation:. In springone SS-Standartenführer SS-Colonel Müller from Greifswald, a bigger town in the vicinity of Peenemünde, looked me up in my office and told me that Reichsführer-SS Himmler had sent him with the order to urge me to join the SS.
I told him I was so busy with my rocket work that I had no time to spare for any political activity. Single party landshut 2014 then told me, that the SS would cost me no time at all. I would be awarded the rank of a[n] "Untersturmfuehrer" lieutenant and it were [ sic ] a very definite desire of Himmler that I attend his invitation to join. Realizing that the matter was of highly political significance for the relation between the SS and the Army, I called immediately on my military superior, Dr.
He informed me that the SS had for a long time been trying to get their "finger in the pie" of the rocket work. I asked him what to do. He replied on the spot that if I wanted to continue our mutual work, I had no alternative but to join. When shown a picture of himself standing behind Himmler, von Braun claimed to have worn the SS uniform only that one time, [25] but in a former SS officer at Peenemünde told the BBC that von Braun had regularly worn the SS uniform to official meetings.
He began as an Untersturmführer Second lieutenant and was promoted three times by Himmler, the last time in June to SS- Sturmbannführer Major. Von Braun later claimed that these were simply technical promotions received each year regularly by mail. Insingle party landshut 2014, von Braun was working on his creative doctorate when the Nazi Party came to power in a coalition government in Germany; rocketry was almost immediately moved onto the national agenda. An artillery captain, Walter Dornbergerarranged an Ordnance Department research grant single party landshut 2014 von Braun, who then worked next to Dornberger's existing solid-fuel rocket test site at Kummersdorf.
Von Braun was awarded a doctorate in physics [27] aerospace engineering on 27 Julyfrom the University of Berlin for a thesis entitled "About Combustion Tests" ; his doctoral supervisor was Erich Schumann. His actual full thesis, Construction, Theoretical, and Experimental Solution to the Problem of the Liquid Propellant Rocket single party landshut 2014 16 April was kept classified by the German army, and was not published until At the time, Germany was highly interested in American physicist Robert H.
Goddard 's research. BeforeGerman scientists occasionally contacted Goddard directly with technical questions. Von Braun used Goddard's plans from various journals and incorporated them into the building of the Aggregat A series of rockets. The first successful launch of an A-4 took place on 3 October may have been rather crude by present-day standards, single party landshut 2014, but they blazed the trail and incorporated many features used in our most modern rockets and space vehicles.
Goddard confirmed his work was used by von Braun inshortly before the Nazis began firing V-2s at England. A V-2 crashed in Sweden and some parts were sent to an Annapolis lab where Goddard was doing research for the Navy. If this was the so-called Bäckebo Bombit had been procured by the British in exchange for Spitfires ; Annapolis would have received some parts from them.
Goddard is reported to have recognized components he had invented, and inferred that his brainchild had been turned into a weapon. A war is a war, and when my country is at war, my duty is to help win that war. In response to Goddard's claims, von Braun said "at no time in Germany did I or any of my associates ever see a Goddard patent".
This was independently confirmed. patents after the war concerning the advancement of rocketry. There were no German rocket societies after the collapse of the VfRand civilian rocket tests were forbidden by the new Nazi regime. Only military development was allowed, and to this end, a larger facility was erected at the village of Peenemünde in northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, single party landshut 2014. Dornberger became the military commander at Peenemünde, with von Braun as technical single party landshut 2014. In collaboration with the Luftwaffethe Peenemünde group developed liquid-fuel rocket engines for aircraft and jet-assisted takeoffs.
They also developed the long-range A-4 ballistic missile and the supersonic Wasserfall anti-aircraft missile, single party landshut 2014. On 22 DecemberAdolf Hitler ordered single party landshut 2014 production of the A-4 as a "vengeance weapon", and the Peenemünde group developed it to target London.
Following von Braun's 7 July presentation of a color movie showing an A-4 taking off, Hitler was so enthusiastic that he personally made von Braun a professor shortly thereafter. By that time, the British and Soviet intelligence agencies were aware of the rocket program and von Braun's team at Peenemünde, based on the intelligence provided by the Polish underground Home Army. Over the nights of 17—18 AugustRAF Bomber Command 's Operation Hydra dispatched raids on the Peenemünde camp consisting of aircraft, and dropped 1, tons of explosives.
Von Braun's interest in rockets was specifically for the application of space travelnot for killing people, single party landshut 2014. Duringvon Braun's rocketry team working at Kummersdorf investigated installing liquid-fuelled rockets in aircraft.
Ernst Heinkel enthusiastically supported their efforts, supplying a He and later two Hes for the experiments. Later inErich Warsitz was seconded by the RLM to von Braun and Heinkel, because he had been recognized as one of the most experienced test pilots of the time, single party landshut 2014, and because he also had an extraordinary fund of technical knowledge, single party landshut 2014.
Then, Warsitz, you will be a famous man. And later we will fly to the Moon — with you at the helm! In Juneat Neuhardenberg a large field about 70 km 43 mi east of Berlin, listed as a reserve airfield in the event of warone of these latter aircraft was flown with its piston engine shut down during flight by Warsitz, at which time it was propelled by von Braun's rocket power alone. Despite a wheels-up landing and the fuselage having been on fire, it proved to official circles that an aircraft could be flown satisfactorily with a back-thrust system through the rear.
At the same time, Hellmuth Walter 's experiments into hydrogen peroxide based rockets were leading towards light and simple rockets that appeared well-suited for aircraft installation. Also the firm of Hellmuth Walter at Kiel had been commissioned by the RLM to build a rocket engine for the He, single party landshut 2014 there were two different new rocket motor designs at Neuhardenberg: whereas von Braun's engines were powered by alcohol and liquid oxygen, Walter engines had hydrogen peroxide and calcium permanganate as a catalyst.
Wernher von Braun - Wikipedia
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